pages tagged cellulose

In construction

Tunicate cellulose has potential applications, such as the synthesis of weavable fibers for wearable sensors (Cho and coll., 2019).

CesA from C savignyi can rescue A. tumefaciens mutants (Matthysse and coll., 2004).

Sasakura and coll. (2016) have proposed that the GC-rich genome of actinobacteria might have provided an AP-2 binding site promoting expression in the epidermis.

A cellulose synthase and several endoglycanase genes were observed in the C. intestinalis genome by Dehal and coll., 2002.

CesA is not found in other animals outside Tunicates. The GH6 (cellulose hydrolase) gene is found as an independent copy and as a domain of CesA in Tunicates (Inoue, Nakashima and Satoh, 2019). In Oikopleura, GHC6-1 lacks a conserved catalytic aspartate (Li and coll., 2020).

In Oikopleura, the structure of cellulose fibers is triclinic I(α) in larval stages and monoclinic I(β) in the house. This correlates with the expression of Od-CesA1 and Od-CesA2 respectively. (Sagane and coll., 2010, Nakashima and coll., 2011). The expression of Od-CesA2 might be cyclic (Nakashima and coll., 2011).

The house of O. rufescens is also made of cellulose Iβ (Kimura and coll., 2001).

RSS Atom

Nakashima K, Kimura S, Ogawa Y, Watanabe S, Soma S, Kaneko T, Yamada L, Sawada H, Tung CH, Lu TM, Yu JK, Villar-Briones A, Kikuchi S, Satoh N.

Nat Commun. 2018 Aug 24;9(1):3402. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05884-0

Chitin-based barrier immunity and its loss predated mucus-colonization by indigenous gut microbiota.

The gut cells of Ciona robusta are protected by a membrane made of cellulose and chitin, that bacteria can not cross. The three most abundant proteins in this membrane are Ci-MACPF1, related to perforins, variable region-containing chitin-binding protein (VCBP), and Ci-GFM1, a gel-forming mucin. Thus, the tunicate gut has features related to insects (chitin barrier) and vertebrates (mucin barrier).

Li KL, Nakashima K, Inoue J, Satoh N.

Genes (Basel). 2020 Aug 13;11(8):937. doi:10.3390/genes11080937

Phylogenetic Analyses of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 6 Genes in Tunicates: Possible Horizontal Transfer.

Comparison of primary sequence and of intron position suggests that GHC6-1 was transferred in a common ancestor of all living tunicates. O. dioica's GH6-1 gene lacks a conserved catalytic aspartate, and does not share introns with the other tunicate genes.

“We found that in many tunicate GH6-1 proteins, an aspartic acid can be aligned to the catalytic H. jecorina D221, except for SthGH6-1b (E197) and OdiGH6-1 (K211). However, the catalytic aspartic acid was not conserved in tunicate CesA.”

“In this study, although we found no other sites shared between genes of O. dioica and other tunicates, we found that many shared splice sites are present among GH6-containing genes from three other major clades of tunicates (Thaliacea + Phlebobranchia + Stolidobranchia). It is reasonable to assume that many shared introns were acquired after the branching of larvaceans and before the subsequent divergence of major tunicate clades.”

Inoue J, Nakashima K, Satoh N.

Genes (Basel). 2019 Apr 10;10(4). pii: E294. doi:10.3390/genes10040294

ORTHOSCOPE Analysis Reveals the Presence of the Cellulose Synthase Gene in All Tunicate Genomes but Not in Other Animal Genomes.

A second GH6 gene (with no CesA domain) was found in Tunicates.

Gene. 2015 Jul 25;566(2):125-37. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.007

Szydlowski L, Boschetti C, Crisp A, Barbosa EG, Tunnacliffe A.

Multiple horizontally acquired genes from fungal and prokaryotic donors encode cellulolytic enzymes in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta ricciae.

HGT from multiple donors.

Dehal P, Satou Y, Campbell RK, Chapman J, Degnan B, De Tomaso A, Davidson B, Di Gregorio A, Gelpke M, Goodstein DM, Harafuji N, Hastings KE, Ho I, Hotta K, Huang W, Kawashima T, Lemaire P, Martinez D, Meinertzhagen IA, Necula S, Nonaka M, Putnam N, Rash S, Saiga H, Satake M, Terry A, Yamada L, Wang HG, Awazu S, Azumi K, Boore J, Branno M, Chin-Bow S, DeSantis R, Doyle S, Francino P, Keys DN, Haga S, Hayashi H, Hino K, Imai KS, Inaba K, Kano S, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi M, Lee BI, Makabe KW, Manohar C, Matassi G, Medina M, Mochizuki Y, Mount S, Morishita T, Miura S, Nakayama A, Nishizaka S, Nomoto H, Ohta F, Oishi K, Rigoutsos I, Sano M, Sasaki A, Sasakura Y, Shoguchi E, Shin-i T, Spagnuolo A, Stainier D, Suzuki MM, Tassy O, Takatori N, Tokuoka M, Yagi K, Yoshizaki F, Wada S, Zhang C, Hyatt PD, Larimer F, Detter C, Doggett N, Glavina T, Hawkins T, Richardson P, Lucas S, Kohara Y, Levine M, Satoh N, Rokhsar DS.

Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2157-67 doi: 10.1126/science.1080049

The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins.

The genome of C. intestinalis contains at least one cellulose synthans and multiple endoglycanases.

Sasakura Y, Ogura Y, Treen N, Yokomori R, Park SJ, Nakai K, Saiga H, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Fujiwara S, Yoshida K.

Proc Biol Sci. 2016 Dec 28;283(1845). pii: 20161712. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1712

Transcriptional regulation of a horizontally transferred gene from bacterium to chordate.

GC-rich DNA from Actinobacteria contains AP-2 binding sites, which triggers expression in the epidermis. This might have facilitated horizontal transfer of the CesA gene.

Hirose E, Kimura S, Itoh T, Nishikawa J.

Biol Bull. 1999 Feb;196(1):113-20 doi:10.2307/1543173

Tunic morphology and cellulosic components of pyrosomas, doliolids, and salps (thaliacea, urochordata).

Shows synaptomorphy of the tunic in ascidians and thaliaceans.

Yasunori Sasakura

Sessile Organisms 2018 Volume 35 Issue 2 Pages 21-29

Cellulose production and the evolution of the sessile lifestyle in ascidians

Includes a discussion on the horizontal gene transfer.

Cho SY, Yu H, Choi J, Kang H, Park S, Jang JS, Hong HJ, Kim ID, Lee SK, Jeong HS, Jung HT.

ACS Nano. 2019 Aug 2. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b03971

Continuous Meter-Scale Synthesis of Weavable Tunicate Cellulose/Carbon Nanotube Fibers for High-Performance Wearable Sensors.

Application of tunicate cellulose to wearable sensors.

Kimura S, Ohshima C, Hirose E, Nishikawa J, Itoh T.

Protoplasma. 2001;216(1-2):71-4.

Cellulose in the house of the appendicularian Oikopleura rufescens.

Electron diffraction analysis found highly crystalline cellulose Iβ.

Matthysse AG, Deschet K, Williams M, Marry M, White AR, Smith WC.

A functional cellulose synthase from ascidian epidermis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 27;101(4):986-91.

The CesA mRNA is trans-spliced in Ciona savignyi. C. sav CesA can rescue mutant A. tumefaciens bacteria.

Nakashima K, Yamada L, Satou Y, Azuma J, Satoh N.

Dev Genes Evol. 2004 Feb;214(2):81-8.

The evolutionary origin of animal cellulose synthase.

The cellulose synthase genes in Tunicates are thought to be of actinobacterial origin, because the tunicate CesA gene contains two domains with similarity with a cellulose synthase and a cellulase of the glycoside hydrolase (GH)-6 family, and these genes are often found in proximity in actinobacteria.

Development. 2010 May;137(9):1483-92. doi:10.1242/dev.044503

Sagane Y, Zech K, Bouquet JM, Schmid M, Bal U, Thompson EM.

Functional specialization of cellulose synthase genes of prokaryotic origin in chordate larvaceans.

O. dioica has two cellulose synthase genes (Od-CesA1 and Od-CesA2).

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 May;68(9):1623-31. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0556-7

Nakashima K, Nishino A, Horikawa Y, Hirose E, Sugiyama J, Satoh N.

The crystalline phase of cellulose changes under developmental control in a marine chordate.

O. dioica has two cellulose synthase genes (Od-CesA1 and Od-CesA2) that are 68 % similar.

PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040172

Hosp J, Sagane Y, Danks G, Thompson EM.

The evolving proteome of a complex extracellular matrix, the Oikopleura house.

“Almost half of the oikosin complement exhibit no known domain structures or other similarities to known proteins, suggesting de novo appearance in the appendicularian lineage. Known domains are implicated in cellulose binding, protein-protein interactions or sPLA2 activity. Production of the latter is concentrated in epithelial regions associated with construction of the fcf, suggesting a possible role of this structure in innate immune defence.” “The genomic organization of oikosin loci appears incompatible with common enhancers or locus control regions exerting [...] a coordinate regulatory role.”