Charles P. Galt, Matthew S. Grober and Paul F. Sykes

The Biological Bulletin 168, no. 1 (February 1985): 125-134.

Taxonomic correlates of bioluminescence among appendicularians (urochordata: larvacea)

Bioluminescence stimulated by agitation. Field-collected houses of species that lack oral glands also sometimes emit light, possibly because of bioluminescent dinoflagellates. O. dioica has oral glands and bioluminescent rudiment inclusions. Neither O. longicauda nor Bathochordaeus charon have oral glands and bioluminescence. O. dioica not as abundant as other oiks in the Southen sea of Cortez (Mexico), near Isla El Paradito (water temperature = 30 °C; night dives).